Spanish Jesuit missionary Eusebio Francisco Kino first visited the Santa Cruz River valley in 1692. The groups designated as the Hohokam lived in the area from AD 600 to 1450 and are known for their vast irrigation canal systems and their red-on-brown pottery. The Early Ceramic period occupation of Tucson had the first extensive use of pottery vessels for cooking and storage. These people hunted, gathered wild plants and nuts, and ate corn, beans, and other crops grown using irrigation canals they constructed. The floodplain of the Santa Cruz River was extensively farmed during the Early Agricultural Period, c. Recent archaeological excavations near the Santa Cruz River found a village site dating from 2100 BC. The Tucson area was probably first visited by Paleo-Indians, who were known to have been in southern Arizona about 12,000 years ago. Tucson's Stone Avenue, 1880 Courthouse in Tucson, 1898 Tucson is sometimes referred to as the Old Pueblo and Optics Valley, the latter referring to its optical science and telescopes known worldwide. The Spanish name of the city, Tucsón ( Spanish pronunciation: ), is derived from the O'odham Cuk Ṣon ( Uto-Aztecan pronunciation: ), meaning "(at the) base of the black ", a reference to a basalt-covered hill now known as Sentinel Peak. Tucson was the first American city to be designated a "City of Gastronomy" by UNESCO in 2015. Nevertheless, its population growth remained strong during the late 20th century. Tucson was Arizona's largest city by population during the territorial period and early statehood, until it was surpassed by Phoenix by 1920. Tucson served as the capital of the Arizona Territory from 1867 to 1877. The United States acquired a 29,670 square miles (76,840 km 2) region of present-day southern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico from Mexico under the Gadsden Purchase in 1853. It was included in the state of Sonora after Mexico gained independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821. Tucson was founded as a military fort by the Spanish when Hugo O'Conor authorized the construction of Presidio San Agustín del Tucsón in 1775. Towns outside the Tucson metropolitan area include Benson to the southeast, Catalina and Oracle to the north, and Green Valley to the south. Communities in the vicinity of Tucson (some within or overlapping the city limits) include Casas Adobes, Catalina Foothills, Flowing Wells, Midvale Park, Tanque Verde, Tortolita, and Vail. Major incorporated suburbs of Tucson include Oro Valley and Marana northwest of the city, Sahuarita south of the city, and South Tucson in an enclave south of downtown. Tucson is the 34th-largest city and the 53rd-largest metropolitan area in the United States (2014). The city is 108 miles (174 km) southeast of Phoenix and 60 mi (97 km) north of the United States–Mexico border. Both Tucson and Phoenix anchor the Arizona Sun Corridor. The Tucson MSA forms part of the larger Tucson-Nogales combined statistical area. It is the second-largest city in Arizona behind Phoenix, with a population of 542,629 in the 2020 United States census, while the population of the entire Tucson metropolitan statistical area (MSA) is 1,043,433. Tucson ( / ˈ t uː s ɒ n/ TOO-son Spanish: Tucson, O'odham: Cuk-Ṣon) is a city in and the county seat of Pima County, Arizona, United States, and is home to the University of Arizona.
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